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早稲田大学 創造理工学研究科 経営システム工学専攻 2024年7月実施 数理基礎 問題1

Author​

思齐塾, 祭音Myyura

Description​

日本語​

小問1​

y=f(x),x=s2+t2+u2y = f(x), x = \sqrt{s^2 + t^2 + u^2} とするとき、二階偏微分の和 ∂2y∂s2+∂2y∂t2+∂2y∂u2\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial s^2} + \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial t^2} + \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial u^2} を x,f′(x),f′′(x)x, f'(x), f''(x) を用いて表せ。

小問2​

関数 z=f(x,y)=x4+y4−9(x+y)2z = f(x, y) = x^4 + y^4 - 9(x+y)^2 に対し、関数の停留点と極値を全て求めよ。

小問3​

領域Dを

D={(x,y)∣x2+y2≤2}D = \{(x, y)| x^2 + y^2 \leq 2\}

のように定義するとき、次の二重積分を求めよ。

∬D2−x2−y22+x2+y2dxdy\iint_{D} \sqrt{\frac{2-x^2-y^2}{2+x^2+y^2}}dxdy

题目描述​

小问1​

设

y=f(x),x=s2+t2+u2.y=f(x),\qquad x=\sqrt{s^2+t^2+u^2}.

用 x,f′(x),f′′(x)x,f'(x),f''(x) 表示

∂2y∂s2+∂2y∂t2+∂2y∂u2.\frac{\partial^2y}{\partial s^2} +\frac{\partial^2y}{\partial t^2} +\frac{\partial^2y}{\partial u^2}.

原题没有说明原点处的光滑性;因此一般公式应在 x>0x>0 上给出。若还讨论 x=0x=0,须另行说明使径向函数在原点二次可微所需的条件及原点处的取值。

小问2​

对函数

z=f(x,y)=x4+y4−9(x+y)2,z=f(x,y)=x^4+y^4-9(x+y)^2,

求出全部驻点,并确定所有极值。

小问3​

定义区域

D={(x,y)∣x2+y2≤2}.D=\{(x,y)\mid x^2+y^2\leq2\}.

求二重积分

∬D2−x2−y22+x2+y2 dx dy.\iint_D \sqrt{\frac{2-x^2-y^2}{2+x^2+y^2}}\,dx\,dy.

Kai​

小問1​

Let x=s2+t2+u2x = \sqrt{s^2 + t^2 + u^2} . Then x2=s2+t2+u2x^2 = s^2 + t^2 + u^2 . We have

∂x∂s=ss2+t2+u2=sx\frac{\partial x}{\partial s} = \frac{s}{\sqrt{s^2 + t^2 + u^2}} = \frac{s}{x} ∂x∂t=ts2+t2+u2=tx\frac{\partial x}{\partial t} = \frac{t}{\sqrt{s^2 + t^2 + u^2}} = \frac{t}{x} ∂x∂u=us2+t2+u2=ux\frac{\partial x}{\partial u} = \frac{u}{\sqrt{s^2 + t^2 + u^2}} = \frac{u}{x}

Now, we compute the second derivatives:

∂2y∂s2=∂∂s(∂y∂s)=∂∂s(f′(x)∂x∂s)=∂∂s(f′(x)sx)\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial s^2} = \frac{\partial}{\partial s} \left( \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} \right) = \frac{\partial}{\partial s} \left( f'(x) \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} \right) = \frac{\partial}{\partial s} \left( f'(x) \frac{s}{x} \right)

∂2y∂s2=f′′(x)∂x∂ssx+f′(x)x−s∂x∂sx2=f′′(x)s2x2+f′(x)x−s2xx2=f′′(x)s2x2+f′(x)x2−s2x3\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial s^2} = f''(x) \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} \frac{s}{x} + f'(x) \frac{x - s \frac{\partial x}{\partial s}}{x^2} = f''(x) \frac{s^2}{x^2} + f'(x) \frac{x - \frac{s^2}{x}}{x^2} = f''(x) \frac{s^2}{x^2} + f'(x) \frac{x^2 - s^2}{x^3}

Similarly,

∂2y∂t2=f′′(x)t2x2+f′(x)x2−t2x3\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial t^2} = f''(x) \frac{t^2}{x^2} + f'(x) \frac{x^2 - t^2}{x^3} ∂2y∂u2=f′′(x)u2x2+f′(x)x2−u2x3\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial u^2} = f''(x) \frac{u^2}{x^2} + f'(x) \frac{x^2 - u^2}{x^3}

Thus,

∂2y∂s2+∂2y∂t2+∂2y∂u2=f′′(x)s2+t2+u2x2+f′(x)3x2−(s2+t2+u2)x3=f′′(x)x2x2+f′(x)3x2−x2x3=f′′(x)+f′(x)2x2x3=f′′(x)+2xf′(x)\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial s^2} + \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial t^2} + \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial u^2} = f''(x) \frac{s^2 + t^2 + u^2}{x^2} + f'(x) \frac{3x^2 - (s^2 + t^2 + u^2)}{x^3} = f''(x) \frac{x^2}{x^2} + f'(x) \frac{3x^2 - x^2}{x^3} = f''(x) + f'(x) \frac{2x^2}{x^3} = f''(x) + \frac{2}{x} f'(x)

Therefore,

For x>0x>0 ,

∂2y∂s2+∂2y∂t2+∂2y∂u2=f′′(x)+2xf′(x).\boxed{ \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial s^2} +\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial t^2} +\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial u^2} =f''(x)+\frac{2}{x}f'(x) }.

At x=0x=0 , the divisions by xx used above are not valid. If the radial function f(s2+t2+u2)f(\sqrt{s^2+t^2+u^2}) is twice differentiable at the origin, then necessarily f′(0)=0f'(0)=0 , and direct differentiation along the three coordinate axes gives

(∂2y∂s2+∂2y∂t2+∂2y∂u2)∣(0,0,0)=3f′′(0).\left. \left( \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial s^2} +\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial t^2} +\frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial u^2} \right)\right|_{(0,0,0)} =3f''(0).

Without these regularity conditions, the second partial derivatives at the origin need not exist.

小問2​

首先,求偏导数:

∂f∂x=4x3−18(x+y)\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = 4x^3 - 18(x+y)
∂f∂y=4y3−18(x+y)\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = 4y^3 - 18(x+y)

令偏导数为0,得到方程组:

4x3−18(x+y)=04x^3 - 18(x+y) = 0
4y3−18(x+y)=04y^3 - 18(x+y) = 0

因此, 4x3=4y34x^3 = 4y^3 ,得到 x=yx = y 。 将 x=yx = y 代入第一个方程:

4x3−18(x+x)=04x^3 - 18(x+x) = 0
4x3−36x=04x^3 - 36x = 0
4x(x2−9)=04x(x^2 - 9) = 0
4x(x−3)(x+3)=04x(x-3)(x+3) = 0

所以,x = 0, x = 3, x = -3 对应的 y 值也相等,所以得到三个驻点:(0, 0), (3, 3), (-3, -3)

接下来,求二阶偏导数:

∂2f∂x2=12x2−18\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2} = 12x^2 - 18
∂2f∂y2=12y2−18\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2} = 12y^2 - 18
∂2f∂x∂y=−18\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x \partial y} = -18

令 A=∂2f∂x2,B=∂2f∂x∂y,C=∂2f∂y2A = \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2}, B = \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x \partial y}, C = \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2} ,计算 AC−B2AC - B^2

对于 (0,0)(0, 0) : A=−18A = -18 , B=−18B = -18 , C=−18C = -18 , AC−B2=(−18)(−18)−(−18)2=0AC - B^2 = (-18)(-18) - (-18)^2 = 0 , 无法确定极值。 对于 (3,3)(3, 3) : A=12(32)−18=108−18=90A = 12(3^2) - 18 = 108 - 18 = 90 , B=−18B = -18 , C=90C = 90 , AC−B2=(90)(90)−(−18)2=8100−324=7776>0AC - B^2 = (90)(90) - (-18)^2 = 8100 - 324 = 7776 > 0 , A>0A > 0 , 所以 (3,3)(3, 3) 是极小值点, 极小值为 f(3,3)=34+34−9(3+3)2=81+81−9(36)=162−324=−162f(3,3) = 3^4 + 3^4 - 9(3+3)^2 = 81 + 81 - 9(36) = 162 - 324 = -162 。 对于 (−3,−3)(-3, -3) : A=12(−3)2−18=108−18=90A = 12(-3)^2 - 18 = 108 - 18 = 90 , B=−18B = -18 , C=90C = 90 , AC−B2=(90)(90)−(−18)2=8100−324=7776>0AC - B^2 = (90)(90) - (-18)^2 = 8100 - 324 = 7776 > 0 , A>0A > 0 , 所以 (−3,−3)(-3, -3) 是极小值点, 极小值为 f(−3,−3)=(−3)4+(−3)4−9(−3−3)2=81+81−9(36)=162−324=−162f(-3,-3) = (-3)^4 + (-3)^4 - 9(-3-3)^2 = 81 + 81 - 9(36) = 162 - 324 = -162 。

对于 (0,0)(0,0) ,需要进一步分析。沿 y=0y=0 ,

f(x,0)=x4−9x2<0(0<∣x∣<3),f(x,0)=x^4-9x^2<0\qquad(0<|x|<3),

而沿 y=−xy=-x ,

f(x,−x)=2x4>0(x≠0).f(x,-x)=2x^4>0\qquad(x\ne0).

因此任意小的原点邻域内都有正值和负值,故 (0,0)(0,0) 是鞍点。

此外,

x4+y4−9(x+y)2≥12(x2+y2)2−18(x2+y2)⟶+∞x^4+y^4-9(x+y)^2 \geq\frac12(x^2+y^2)^2-18(x^2+y^2)\longrightarrow+\infty

当 x2+y2→∞x^2+y^2\to\infty 。所以两个极小值点 (3,3)(3,3) 和 (−3,−3)(-3,-3) 也是全局最小值点,全局最小值为 −162\boxed{-162} ;不存在极大值。

小問3​

首先,将直角坐标转换为极坐标: x=rcos⁡θ,y=rsin⁡θx = r\cos\theta, y = r\sin\theta , 并且 x2+y2=r2x^2+y^2=r^2 , dxdy=rdrdθdxdy = rdrd\theta 。 积分区域D变为 0≤r≤2,0≤θ≤2π0 \leq r \leq \sqrt{2}, 0 \leq \theta \leq 2\pi 。

原积分变为:

∬D2−x2−y22+x2+y2dxdy=∫02π∫022−r22+r2rdrdθ\iint_{D} \sqrt{\frac{2-x^2-y^2}{2+x^2+y^2}}dxdy = \int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^{\sqrt{2}} \sqrt{\frac{2-r^2}{2+r^2}}rdrd\theta

令 u=r2u = r^2 , 则 du=2rdrdu = 2rdr , 所以 rdr=12durdr = \frac{1}{2}du 。 当 r=0r=0 时, u=0u=0 。当 r=2r=\sqrt{2} 时, u=2u=2 。

积分变为:

∫02π∫022−u2+u12dudθ=12∫02π∫022−u2+ududθ\int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^{2} \sqrt{\frac{2-u}{2+u}}\frac{1}{2}dud\theta = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^{2} \sqrt{\frac{2-u}{2+u}}dud\theta

考虑积分 ∫022−u2+udu\int_0^{2} \sqrt{\frac{2-u}{2+u}}du 。 令 u=2cos⁡(2v)u = 2\cos(2v) , 则 du=−4sin⁡(2v)dvdu = -4\sin(2v)dv 。 当 u=0u=0 时, 2cos⁡(2v)=02\cos(2v) = 0 , 则 2v=π22v = \frac{\pi}{2} , v=π4v = \frac{\pi}{4} 。 当 u=2u=2 时, 2cos⁡(2v)=22\cos(2v) = 2 , 则 cos⁡(2v)=1\cos(2v) = 1 , 2v=02v = 0 , v=0v = 0 。 因此,

2−u2+u=2−2cos⁡(2v)2+2cos⁡(2v)=1−cos⁡(2v)1+cos⁡(2v)=2sin⁡2(v)2cos⁡2(v)=tan⁡2(v)=tan⁡(v)\sqrt{\frac{2-u}{2+u}} = \sqrt{\frac{2-2\cos(2v)}{2+2\cos(2v)}} = \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos(2v)}{1+\cos(2v)}} = \sqrt{\frac{2\sin^2(v)}{2\cos^2(v)}} = \sqrt{\tan^2(v)} = \tan(v)

则积分变为:

∫π/40tan⁡(v)(−4sin⁡(2v))dv=4∫0π/4tan⁡(v)(2sin⁡(v)cos⁡(v))dv=8∫0π/4sin⁡(v)cos⁡(v)sin⁡(v)cos⁡(v)dv=8∫0π/4sin⁡2(v)dv\int_{\pi/4}^{0} \tan(v)(-4\sin(2v))dv = 4\int_0^{\pi/4} \tan(v)(2\sin(v)\cos(v))dv = 8 \int_0^{\pi/4} \frac{\sin(v)}{\cos(v)} \sin(v)\cos(v)dv = 8\int_0^{\pi/4} \sin^2(v)dv
∫0π/4sin⁡2(v)dv=∫0π/41−cos⁡(2v)2dv=12[v−sin⁡(2v)2]0π/4=12[π4−sin⁡(π/2)2]=12(π4−12)=π8−14\int_0^{\pi/4} \sin^2(v)dv = \int_0^{\pi/4} \frac{1 - \cos(2v)}{2}dv = \frac{1}{2} \left[v - \frac{\sin(2v)}{2}\right]_0^{\pi/4} = \frac{1}{2} \left[\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{\sin(\pi/2)}{2}\right] = \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{1}{2}\right) = \frac{\pi}{8} - \frac{1}{4}

因此,

∫022−u2+udu=8(π8−14)=π−2\int_0^{2} \sqrt{\frac{2-u}{2+u}}du = 8\left(\frac{\pi}{8} - \frac{1}{4}\right) = \pi - 2

原积分变为:

12∫02π(π−2)dθ=12(π−2)∫02πdθ=12(π−2)[θ]02π=12(π−2)(2π)=π(π−2)=π2−2π\frac{1}{2} \int_0^{2\pi} (\pi - 2) d\theta = \frac{1}{2} (\pi - 2) \int_0^{2\pi} d\theta = \frac{1}{2} (\pi - 2) [\theta]_0^{2\pi} = \frac{1}{2} (\pi - 2) (2\pi) = \pi(\pi - 2) = \pi^2 - 2\pi

因此,

∬D2−x2−y22+x2+y2dxdy=π2−2π\iint_{D} \sqrt{\frac{2-x^2-y^2}{2+x^2+y^2}}dxdy = \pi^2 - 2\pi