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早稲田大学 創造理工学研究科 経営システム工学専攻 2013年8月実施 线性代数

Author​

思齐塾, 祭音Myyura

Description​

正方行列(square matrix) PP は、次のように分割(partition)できるものとする。

P=(P11P120P22)P = \begin{pmatrix} P_{11} & P_{12} \\ 0 & P_{22} \end{pmatrix}

ただし、 P11,P22P_{11}, P_{22} は正方行列とする。もし、 P11,P22P_{11}, P_{22} が正則(nonsingular)ならば、 PP も正則であってその逆行列は次のように表されることを示せ

P−1=(P11−1−P11−1P12P22−10P22−1)P^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} P_{11}^{-1} & -P_{11}^{-1}P_{12}P_{22}^{-1} \\ 0 & P_{22}^{-1} \end{pmatrix}

题目描述​

设方阵 PP 可分块为

P=(P11P120P22),P=\begin{pmatrix} P_{11}&P_{12}\\ 0&P_{22} \end{pmatrix},

其中 P11P_{11}、P22P_{22} 均为方阵。证明:若 P11P_{11}、P22P_{22} 可逆,则 PP 也可逆,且

P−1=(P11−1−P11−1P12P22−10P22−1).P^{-1}= \begin{pmatrix} P_{11}^{-1}&-P_{11}^{-1}P_{12}P_{22}^{-1}\\ 0&P_{22}^{-1} \end{pmatrix}.

Kai​

To prove that if P11P_{11} and P22P_{22} are nonsingular, then PP is nonsingular and its inverse is given by the formula above, we can verify that PP−1=IP P^{-1} = I and P−1P=IP^{-1} P = I , where II is the identity matrix.

First, let's calculate PP−1P P^{-1} :

PP−1=(P11P120P22)(P11−1−P11−1P12P22−10P22−1)P P^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} P_{11} & P_{12} \\ 0 & P_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} P_{11}^{-1} & -P_{11}^{-1}P_{12}P_{22}^{-1} \\ 0 & P_{22}^{-1} \end{pmatrix}
=(P11P11−1+P12(0)P11(−P11−1P12P22−1)+P12P22−10P11−1+P22(0)0(−P11−1P12P22−1)+P22P22−1)= \begin{pmatrix} P_{11}P_{11}^{-1} + P_{12}(0) & P_{11}(-P_{11}^{-1}P_{12}P_{22}^{-1}) + P_{12}P_{22}^{-1} \\ 0P_{11}^{-1} + P_{22}(0) & 0(-P_{11}^{-1}P_{12}P_{22}^{-1}) + P_{22}P_{22}^{-1} \end{pmatrix}
=(I−P12P22−1+P12P22−10I)=(I00I)=I= \begin{pmatrix} I & -P_{12}P_{22}^{-1} + P_{12}P_{22}^{-1} \\ 0 & I \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} I & 0 \\ 0 & I \end{pmatrix} = I

Now, let's calculate P−1PP^{-1} P :

P−1P=(P11−1−P11−1P12P22−10P22−1)(P11P120P22)P^{-1} P = \begin{pmatrix} P_{11}^{-1} & -P_{11}^{-1}P_{12}P_{22}^{-1} \\ 0 & P_{22}^{-1} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} P_{11} & P_{12} \\ 0 & P_{22} \end{pmatrix}
=(P11−1P11+(−P11−1P12P22−1)(0)P11−1P12+(−P11−1P12P22−1)P220P11+P22−1(0)0P12+P22−1P22)= \begin{pmatrix} P_{11}^{-1}P_{11} + (-P_{11}^{-1}P_{12}P_{22}^{-1})(0) & P_{11}^{-1}P_{12} + (-P_{11}^{-1}P_{12}P_{22}^{-1})P_{22} \\ 0P_{11} + P_{22}^{-1}(0) & 0P_{12} + P_{22}^{-1}P_{22} \end{pmatrix}
=(IP11−1P12−P11−1P120I)=(I00I)=I= \begin{pmatrix} I & P_{11}^{-1}P_{12} - P_{11}^{-1}P_{12} \\ 0 & I \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} I & 0 \\ 0 & I \end{pmatrix} = I

Since PP−1=IP P^{-1} = I and P−1P=IP^{-1} P = I , P−1P^{-1} is indeed the inverse of PP .