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東京大学 新領域創成科学研究科 人間環境学専攻 2024年8月実施 微分方程

Author

思齐塾, 祭音Myyura

Description

次の微分方程式について、 x=1x=1 まわりのべき級数解を (x1)3(x-1)^3 の項まで求めよ。 ただし、 y(1)=1y(1) = 1 とする。

dydx+3y=3x1\frac{dy}{dx} + 3y = 3x - 1

题目描述

考虑初值问题

dydx+3y=3x1,y(1)=1.\frac{dy}{dx}+3y=3x-1, \qquad y(1)=1.

求该微分方程在 x=1x=1 附近的幂级数解,保留到 (x1)3(x-1)^3 项为止。

Kai

Let t=x1t = x-1 , then x=t+1x = t+1 . Thus, dydx=dydtdtdx=dydt\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{dt} \frac{dt}{dx} = \frac{dy}{dt} .\ The equation becomes: dydt+3y=3(t+1)1=3t+2\frac{dy}{dt} + 3y = 3(t+1) - 1 = 3t+2 .

Let y=a0+a1t+a2t2+a3t3+y = a_0 + a_1 t + a_2 t^2 + a_3 t^3 + \dots , then y=a1+2a2t+3a3t2+y' = a_1 + 2a_2 t + 3a_3 t^2 + \dots

Substituting into the equation, we have: a1+2a2t+3a3t2++3(a0+a1t+a2t2+a3t3+)=3t+2a_1 + 2a_2 t + 3a_3 t^2 + \dots + 3(a_0 + a_1 t + a_2 t^2 + a_3 t^3 + \dots) = 3t+2

(a1+3a0)+(2a2+3a1)t+(3a3+3a2)t2+=2+3t(a_1+3a_0) + (2a_2+3a_1)t + (3a_3+3a_2)t^2 + \dots = 2 + 3t

Equating coefficients, we have: a1+3a0=2a_1+3a_0 = 2 2a2+3a1=32a_2+3a_1 = 3 3a3+3a2=03a_3+3a_2 = 0 Since y(1)=1y(1) = 1 , y(t=0)=1y(t=0) = 1 , so a0=1a_0 = 1 . Then, a1=23a0=23=1a_1 = 2 - 3a_0 = 2-3 = -1 2a2=33a1=33(1)=62a_2 = 3 - 3a_1 = 3 - 3(-1) = 6 , so a2=3a_2 = 3 3a3=3a2=93a_3 = -3a_2 = -9 , so a3=3a_3 = -3 Thus, y=1t+3t23t3+=1(x1)+3(x1)23(x1)3+y = 1 - t + 3t^2 - 3t^3 + \dots = 1 - (x-1) + 3(x-1)^2 - 3(x-1)^3 + \dots

Therefore, the power series solution up to the (x1)3(x-1)^3 term is: y(x)=1(x1)+3(x1)23(x1)3y(x) = 1 - (x-1) + 3(x-1)^2 - 3(x-1)^3