From (2), . If , then , which implies .
From (1), . Since is a unit vector, when , must be a unit vector parallel to . Thus, .
We find all solutions by considering three cases:
(i) If :
Here, . Substituting , we get:
(ii) If for :
For , we have . This gives . Hence, any unit vector with is a solution: (where ).
For , we have . Hence, .
(iii) If :
Here and . Since holds trivially, any unit vector is a solution.
This problem corresponds to the process of QR decomposition of matrix using Householder transformations.
Step 1: Find to transform the first column of
We transform the first column of , , into the form using the method from (3).
Since , we can choose , giving .
Using the formula:
Calculating , we get a permutation matrix that swaps the 1st and 3rd rows:
Step 2: Find to transform the second column of
Next, we transform the second column of , which is , into without changing the first component, using the method from (4).
Here . Choosing gives .
Using the formula:
Calculating , we get another permutation matrix that swaps the 2nd and 3rd rows:
Finally, we calculate :
This is exactly in the desired upper triangular form.