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東京大学 新領域創成科学研究科 メディカル情報生命専攻 2014年8月実施 問題8

Author​

zephyr, 祭音Myyura

Description​

Let Z∗={(z1z2):complex number,∣z1∣2+∣z2∣2≠0}Z^* = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \end{pmatrix} : \text{complex number}, |z_1|^2 + |z_2|^2 \neq 0 \right\} be the set of non-zero complex two-dimensional vectors. Let M=(abbd)M = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & d \end{pmatrix} be a 2 by 2 real symmetric matrix, and I=(1001)I = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} be the unit matrix.

(1) Find all the eigenvalues λ1,λ2\lambda_1, \lambda_2 of MM.

(2) Under the assumption of λ1≠λ2\lambda_1 \neq \lambda_2, answer i) and ii).

  • i) Let U=(v1,v2)U = (v_1, v_2) be the matrix whose first and second columns consist of the eigenvectors v1v_1 and v2v_2 for the eigenvalues λ1\lambda_1 and λ2\lambda_2, respectively. Show that UU is invertible and satisfies M=U(λ100λ2)U−1M = U \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} U^{-1}.
  • ii) Prove that the set {U−1x∣x∈Z∗}\{ U^{-1} x | x \in Z^* \} and Z∗Z^* are equal.

(3) For each of the statements A), B), and C), answer the conditions on matrix elements a,b,da, b, d for the statement to hold.

  • A) Every y∈Z∗y \in Z^* can be expressed as y=Mxy = Mx with some x∈Z∗x \in Z^*.
  • B) No y∈Z∗y \in Z^* can be expressed as y=Mxy = Mx with some x∈Z∗x \in Z^*.
  • C) At least one y∈Z∗y \in Z^* can be expressed as y=(M−λ1I)xy = (M - \lambda_1 I)x with some x∈Z∗x \in Z^*.

设 Z∗={(z1z2):复数,∣z1∣2+∣z2∣2≠0}Z^* = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \end{pmatrix} : \text{复数}, |z_1|^2 + |z_2|^2 \neq 0 \right\} 为非零复二维向量的集合。设 M=(abbd)M = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & d \end{pmatrix} 为一个 2×2 的实对称矩阵,I=(1001)I = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} 为单位矩阵。

(1) 找出 MM 的所有特征值 λ1,λ2\lambda_1, \lambda_2。

(2) 在假设 λ1≠λ2\lambda_1 \neq \lambda_2 的条件下,回答 i) 和 ii)。

  • i) 设 U=(v1,v2)U = (v_1, v_2) 为一个矩阵,其第一列和第二列分别由特征值 λ1\lambda_1 和 λ2\lambda_2 的特征向量 v1v_1 和 v2v_2 组成。证明 UU 是可逆的,并且满足 M=U(λ100λ2)U−1M = U \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} U^{-1}。
  • ii) 证明集合 {U−1x∣x∈Z∗}\{ U^{-1} x | x \in Z^* \} 和 Z∗Z^* 是相等的。

(3) 对于每个陈述 A), B), 和 C),回答矩阵元素 a,b,da, b, d 的条件使该陈述成立。

  • A) 每个 y∈Z∗y \in Z^* 都可以表示为 y=Mxy = Mx,其中 x∈Z∗x \in Z^*。
  • B) 没有 y∈Z∗y \in Z^* 可以表示为 y=Mxy = Mx,其中 x∈Z∗x \in Z^*。
  • C) 至少有一个 y∈Z∗y \in Z^* 可以表示为 y=(M−λ1I)xy = (M - \lambda_1 I)x,其中 x∈Z∗x \in Z^*。

题目描述​

令

Z∗={(z1z2):z1,z2∈C, ∣z1∣2+∣z2∣2≠0},M=(abbd),I=(1001),Z^*=\left\{\binom{z_1}{z_2}:z_1,z_2\in\mathbb C,\ |z_1|^2+|z_2|^2\ne0\right\}, \quad M=\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\b&d\end{pmatrix}, \quad I=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix},

其中 MM 为 2×22\times2 实对称矩阵。回答下列问题:

  1. 求 MM 的全部特征值 λ1,λ2\lambda_1,\lambda_2。
  2. 假设 λ1≠λ2\lambda_1\ne\lambda_2:
    1. 取对应特征向量 v1,v2v_1,v_2 并令 U=(v1,v2)U=(v_1,v_2),证明 UU 可逆且

      M=U(λ100λ2)U−1.M=U\begin{pmatrix}\lambda_1&0\\0&\lambda_2\end{pmatrix}U^{-1}.
    2. 证明 {U−1x∣x∈Z∗}=Z∗\{U^{-1}x\mid x\in Z^*\}=Z^*。

  3. 分别求矩阵元素 a,b,da,b,d 应满足的条件,使下列陈述成立:
    • 每个 y∈Z∗y\in Z^* 均可写为 y=Mxy=Mx,其中 x∈Z∗x\in Z^*;
    • 不存在可写为 y=Mxy=Mx(x∈Z∗x\in Z^*)的 y∈Z∗y\in Z^*;
    • 至少存在一个 y∈Z∗y\in Z^* 可写为 y=(M−λ1I)xy=(M-\lambda_1I)x,其中 x∈Z∗x\in Z^*。

Kai​

(1)​

To find the eigenvalues of the matrix M=(abbd)M = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & d \end{pmatrix}, we solve the characteristic equation:

det⁡(M−λI)=0\det(M - \lambda I) = 0

The characteristic polynomial of MM is:

det⁡(a−λbbd−λ)=(a−λ)(d−λ)−b2=0\det \begin{pmatrix} a - \lambda & b \\ b & d - \lambda \end{pmatrix} = (a - \lambda)(d - \lambda) - b^2 = 0

This simplifies to:

λ2−(a+d)λ+(ad−b2)=0\lambda^2 - (a + d)\lambda + (ad - b^2) = 0

The eigenvalues λ1\lambda_1 and λ2\lambda_2 are the roots of this quadratic equation:

λ1,2=(a+d)±(a+d)2−4(ad−b2)2\lambda_{1,2} = \frac{(a + d) \pm \sqrt{(a + d)^2 - 4(ad - b^2)}}{2}

(2)​

i) Showing UU is Invertible​

Let v1v_1 and v2v_2 be the eigenvectors corresponding to λ1\lambda_1 and λ2\lambda_2, respectively. Define the matrix U=(v1,v2)U = (v_1, v_2). Since λ1≠λ2\lambda_1 \neq \lambda_2, the eigenvectors v1v_1 and v2v_2 are linearly independent, and thus UU is invertible.

To show that M=U(λ100λ2)U−1M = U \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} U^{-1}, consider the action of MM on the eigenvectors:

Mv1=λ1v1andMv2=λ2v2Mv_1 = \lambda_1 v_1 \quad \text{and} \quad Mv_2 = \lambda_2 v_2

Therefore,

M(v1,v2)=(Mv1,Mv2)=(λ1v1,λ2v2)=(v1,v2)(λ100λ2)M(v_1, v_2) = (Mv_1, Mv_2) = (\lambda_1 v_1, \lambda_2 v_2) = (v_1, v_2) \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix}

Thus, we have:

M=U(λ100λ2)U−1M = U \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} U^{-1}

ii) Proving Set Equality​

To prove that the set {U−1x∣x∈Z∗}\left\{ U^{-1} x | x \in Z^* \right\} and Z∗Z^* are equal, consider any x∈Z∗x \in Z^*. Since UU is invertible, U−1xU^{-1}x is also nonzero and therefore belongs to Z∗Z^*.

Conversely, for any z∈Z∗z\in Z^*, let x=Uzx=Uz. Since UU is invertible, x∈Z∗x\in Z^* and z=U−1xz=U^{-1}x. Thus both inclusions hold.

(3)​

A) This holds exactly when MM is invertible, namely

ad−b2≠0.ad-b^2\neq 0.

B) This holds exactly when the image of MM is {0}\{0\}, namely

a=b=d=0.a=b=d=0.

C) Since λ1\lambda_1 is an eigenvalue, M−λ1IM-\lambda_1I is singular; it has a nonzero image exactly when it is not the zero matrix. Therefore the condition is

a≠dorb≠0.a\neq d\quad\text{or}\quad b\neq 0.

Knowledge​

特征值和特征向量 矩阵分解

解题技巧和信息​

  1. 特征值问题中,特征多项式是重要的工具,通过求解特征多项式可以得到特征值。
  2. 当矩阵的特征值不同时,其特征向量是线性无关的,这使得特征向量矩阵是可逆的。
  3. 在处理复杂矩阵时,注意到特征向量的规范性及其在不同基底下的表示。

重点词汇​

eigenvalue 特征值

eigenvector 特征向量

invertible 可逆的

characteristic polynomial 特征多项式

quadratic equation 二次方程

参考资料​

  1. 《线性代数及其应用》 第 5 章 特征值和特征向量

Reference​