Let Z∗={(z1z2):complex number,∣z1∣2+∣z2∣2=0} be the set of non-zero complex two-dimensional vectors. Let M=(abbd) be a 2 by 2 real symmetric matrix, and I=(1001) be the unit matrix.
(1) Find all the eigenvalues λ1,λ2 of M.
(2) Under the assumption of λ1=λ2, answer i) and ii).
i) Let U=(v1,v2) be the matrix whose first and second columns consist of the eigenvectors v1 and v2 for the eigenvalues λ1 and λ2, respectively. Show that U is invertible and satisfies M=U(λ100λ2)U−1.
ii) Prove that the set {U−1x∣x∈Z∗} and Z∗ are equal.
(3) For each of the statements A), B), and C), answer the conditions on matrix elements a,b,d for the statement to hold.
A) Every y∈Z∗ can be expressed as y=Mx with some x∈Z∗.
B) No y∈Z∗ can be expressed as y=Mx with some x∈Z∗.
C) At least one y∈Z∗ can be expressed as y=(M−λ1I)x with some x∈Z∗.
Let v1 and v2 be the eigenvectors ==corresponding== to λ1 and λ2, respectively. Define the matrix U=(v1,v2). Since λ1=λ2, the eigenvectors v1 and v2 are ==linearly independent==, and thus U is invertible.
To show that M=U(λ100λ2)U−1, consider the action of M on the eigenvectors:
To prove that the set {U−1x∣x∈Z∗} and Z∗ are equal, consider any x∈Z∗. Then U−1x∈Z∗ if and only if ∣z1∣2+∣z2∣2=0. Since U is invertible and Z∗ consists of all non-zero complex vectors, applying U−1 to any vector in Z∗ yields another non-zero complex vector, ensuring the sets are equal.
A) For every y∈Z∗ to be expressible as y=Mx for some x∈Z∗, M must be invertible. This requires λ1=0 and λ2=0, ensuring a=0, d=0, and ad−b2=0.
B) No y∈Z∗ can be expressed as y=Mx for some x∈Z∗ if M is singular and its image does not cover Z∗. This happens when M has a zero eigenvalue, i.e., ad−b2=0 and one of the eigenvalues is zero.
C) At least one y∈Z∗ can be expressed as y=(M−λ1I)x for some x∈Z∗ if a=d and b=0 do not both hold true. This requires M−λ1I to be invertible or have a non-trivial image, which is true if λ1 is not an eigenvalue of M, ensuring λ2=λ1.