東京大学 新領域創成科学研究科 メディカル情報生命専攻 2014年8月実施 問題8
Author
zephyr , 祭音Myyura
Description
Let Z ∗ = { ( z 1 z 2 ) : complex number , ∣ z 1 ∣ 2 + ∣ z 2 ∣ 2 ≠ 0 } Z^* = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \end{pmatrix} : \text{complex number}, |z_1|^2 + |z_2|^2 \neq 0 \right\} Z ∗ = { ( z 1 z 2 ) : complex number , ∣ z 1 ∣ 2 + ∣ z 2 ∣ 2 = 0 } be the set of non-zero complex two-dimensional vectors. Let M = ( a b b d ) M = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & d \end{pmatrix} M = ( a b b d ) be a 2 by 2 real symmetric matrix, and I = ( 1 0 0 1 ) I = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} I = ( 1 0 0 1 ) be the unit matrix.
(1) Find all the eigenvalues λ 1 , λ 2 \lambda_1, \lambda_2 λ 1 , λ 2 of M M M .
(2) Under the assumption of λ 1 ≠ λ 2 \lambda_1 \neq \lambda_2 λ 1 = λ 2 , answer i) and ii).
i) Let U = ( v 1 , v 2 ) U = (v_1, v_2) U = ( v 1 , v 2 ) be the matrix whose first and second columns consist of the eigenvectors v 1 v_1 v 1 and v 2 v_2 v 2 for the eigenvalues λ 1 \lambda_1 λ 1 and λ 2 \lambda_2 λ 2 , respectively. Show that U U U is invertible and satisfies M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 M = U \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} U^{-1} M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 .
ii) Prove that the set { U − 1 x ∣ x ∈ Z ∗ } \{ U^{-1} x | x \in Z^* \} { U − 1 x ∣ x ∈ Z ∗ } and Z ∗ Z^* Z ∗ are equal.
(3) For each of the statements A), B), and C), answer the conditions on matrix elements a , b , d a, b, d a , b , d for the statement to hold.
A) Every y ∈ Z ∗ y \in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ can be expressed as y = M x y = Mx y = M x with some x ∈ Z ∗ x \in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ .
B) No y ∈ Z ∗ y \in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ can be expressed as y = M x y = Mx y = M x with some x ∈ Z ∗ x \in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ .
C) At least one y ∈ Z ∗ y \in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ can be expressed as y = ( M − λ 1 I ) x y = (M - \lambda_1 I)x y = ( M − λ 1 I ) x with some x ∈ Z ∗ x \in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ .
设 Z ∗ = { ( z 1 z 2 ) : 复数 , ∣ z 1 ∣ 2 + ∣ z 2 ∣ 2 ≠ 0 } Z^* = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \end{pmatrix} : \text{复数}, |z_1|^2 + |z_2|^2 \neq 0 \right\} Z ∗ = { ( z 1 z 2 ) : 复数 , ∣ z 1 ∣ 2 + ∣ z 2 ∣ 2 = 0 } 为非零复二维向量的集合。设 M = ( a b b d ) M = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & d \end{pmatrix} M = ( a b b d ) 为一个 2×2 的实对称矩阵,I = ( 1 0 0 1 ) I = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} I = ( 1 0 0 1 ) 为单位矩阵。
(1) 找出 M M M 的所有特征值 λ 1 , λ 2 \lambda_1, \lambda_2 λ 1 , λ 2 。
(2) 在假设 λ 1 ≠ λ 2 \lambda_1 \neq \lambda_2 λ 1 = λ 2 的条件下,回答 i) 和 ii)。
i) 设 U = ( v 1 , v 2 ) U = (v_1, v_2) U = ( v 1 , v 2 ) 为一个矩阵,其第一列和第二列分别由特征值 λ 1 \lambda_1 λ 1 和 λ 2 \lambda_2 λ 2 的特征向量 v 1 v_1 v 1 和 v 2 v_2 v 2 组成。证明 U U U 是可逆的,并且满足 M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 M = U \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} U^{-1} M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 。
ii) 证明集合 { U − 1 x ∣ x ∈ Z ∗ } \{ U^{-1} x | x \in Z^* \} { U − 1 x ∣ x ∈ Z ∗ } 和 Z ∗ Z^* Z ∗ 是相等的。
(3) 对于每个陈述 A), B), 和 C),回答矩阵元素 a , b , d a, b, d a , b , d 的条件使该陈述成立。
A) 每个 y ∈ Z ∗ y \in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ 都可以表示为 y = M x y = Mx y = M x ,其中 x ∈ Z ∗ x \in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ 。
B) 没有 y ∈ Z ∗ y \in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ 可以表示为 y = M x y = Mx y = M x ,其中 x ∈ Z ∗ x \in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ 。
C) 至少有一个 y ∈ Z ∗ y \in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ 可以表示为 y = ( M − λ 1 I ) x y = (M - \lambda_1 I)x y = ( M − λ 1 I ) x ,其中 x ∈ Z ∗ x \in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ 。
题目描述
令
Z ∗ = { ( z 1 z 2 ) : z 1 , z 2 ∈ C , ∣ z 1 ∣ 2 + ∣ z 2 ∣ 2 ≠ 0 } , M = ( a b b d ) , I = ( 1 0 0 1 ) , Z^*=\left\{\binom{z_1}{z_2}:z_1,z_2\in\mathbb C,\ |z_1|^2+|z_2|^2\ne0\right\},
\quad
M=\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\b&d\end{pmatrix},
\quad
I=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}, Z ∗ = { ( z 2 z 1 ) : z 1 , z 2 ∈ C , ∣ z 1 ∣ 2 + ∣ z 2 ∣ 2 = 0 } , M = ( a b b d ) , I = ( 1 0 0 1 ) ,
其中 M M M 为 2 × 2 2\times2 2 × 2 实对称矩阵。回答下列问题:
求 M M M 的全部特征值 λ 1 , λ 2 \lambda_1,\lambda_2 λ 1 , λ 2 。
假设 λ 1 ≠ λ 2 \lambda_1\ne\lambda_2 λ 1 = λ 2 :
取对应特征向量 v 1 , v 2 v_1,v_2 v 1 , v 2 并令 U = ( v 1 , v 2 ) U=(v_1,v_2) U = ( v 1 , v 2 ) ,证明 U U U 可逆且
M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 . M=U\begin{pmatrix}\lambda_1&0\\0&\lambda_2\end{pmatrix}U^{-1}. M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 .
证明 { U − 1 x ∣ x ∈ Z ∗ } = Z ∗ \{U^{-1}x\mid x\in Z^*\}=Z^* { U − 1 x ∣ x ∈ Z ∗ } = Z ∗ 。
分别求矩阵元素 a , b , d a,b,d a , b , d 应满足的条件,使下列陈述成立:
每个 y ∈ Z ∗ y\in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ 均可写为 y = M x y=Mx y = M x ,其中 x ∈ Z ∗ x\in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ ;
不存在可写为 y = M x y=Mx y = M x (x ∈ Z ∗ x\in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ )的 y ∈ Z ∗ y\in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ ;
至少存在一个 y ∈ Z ∗ y\in Z^* y ∈ Z ∗ 可写为 y = ( M − λ 1 I ) x y=(M-\lambda_1I)x y = ( M − λ 1 I ) x ,其中 x ∈ Z ∗ x\in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ 。
Kai
(1)
To find the eigenvalues of the matrix M = ( a b b d ) M = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & d \end{pmatrix} M = ( a b b d ) , we solve the characteristic equation:
det ( M − λ I ) = 0 \det(M - \lambda I) = 0 det ( M − λ I ) = 0
The characteristic polynomial of M M M is:
det ( a − λ b b d − λ ) = ( a − λ ) ( d − λ ) − b 2 = 0 \det \begin{pmatrix} a - \lambda & b \\ b & d - \lambda \end{pmatrix} = (a - \lambda)(d - \lambda) - b^2 = 0 det ( a − λ b b d − λ ) = ( a − λ ) ( d − λ ) − b 2 = 0
This simplifies to:
λ 2 − ( a + d ) λ + ( a d − b 2 ) = 0 \lambda^2 - (a + d)\lambda + (ad - b^2) = 0 λ 2 − ( a + d ) λ + ( a d − b 2 ) = 0
The eigenvalues λ 1 \lambda_1 λ 1 and λ 2 \lambda_2 λ 2 are the roots of this quadratic equation:
λ 1 , 2 = ( a + d ) ± ( a + d ) 2 − 4 ( a d − b 2 ) 2 \lambda_{1,2} = \frac{(a + d) \pm \sqrt{(a + d)^2 - 4(ad - b^2)}}{2} λ 1 , 2 = 2 ( a + d ) ± ( a + d ) 2 − 4 ( a d − b 2 )
(2)
i) Showing U U U is Invertible
Let v 1 v_1 v 1 and v 2 v_2 v 2 be the eigenvectors corresponding to λ 1 \lambda_1 λ 1 and λ 2 \lambda_2 λ 2 , respectively. Define the matrix U = ( v 1 , v 2 ) U = (v_1, v_2) U = ( v 1 , v 2 ) . Since λ 1 ≠ λ 2 \lambda_1 \neq \lambda_2 λ 1 = λ 2 , the eigenvectors v 1 v_1 v 1 and v 2 v_2 v 2 are linearly independent, and thus U U U is invertible.
To show that M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 M = U \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} U^{-1} M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 , consider the action of M M M on the eigenvectors:
M v 1 = λ 1 v 1 and M v 2 = λ 2 v 2 Mv_1 = \lambda_1 v_1 \quad \text{and} \quad Mv_2 = \lambda_2 v_2 M v 1 = λ 1 v 1 and M v 2 = λ 2 v 2
Therefore,
M ( v 1 , v 2 ) = ( M v 1 , M v 2 ) = ( λ 1 v 1 , λ 2 v 2 ) = ( v 1 , v 2 ) ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) M(v_1, v_2) = (Mv_1, Mv_2) = (\lambda_1 v_1, \lambda_2 v_2) = (v_1, v_2) \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} M ( v 1 , v 2 ) = ( M v 1 , M v 2 ) = ( λ 1 v 1 , λ 2 v 2 ) = ( v 1 , v 2 ) ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 )
Thus, we have:
M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1 M = U \begin{pmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 \end{pmatrix} U^{-1} M = U ( λ 1 0 0 λ 2 ) U − 1
ii) Proving Set Equality
To prove that the set { U − 1 x ∣ x ∈ Z ∗ } \left\{ U^{-1} x | x \in Z^* \right\} { U − 1 x ∣ x ∈ Z ∗ } and Z ∗ Z^* Z ∗ are equal, consider any x ∈ Z ∗ x \in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ . Since U U U is invertible, U − 1 x U^{-1}x U − 1 x is also nonzero and therefore belongs to Z ∗ Z^* Z ∗ .
Conversely, for any z ∈ Z ∗ z\in Z^* z ∈ Z ∗ , let x = U z x=Uz x = U z . Since U U U is invertible, x ∈ Z ∗ x\in Z^* x ∈ Z ∗ and z = U − 1 x z=U^{-1}x z = U − 1 x . Thus both inclusions hold.
(3)
A) This holds exactly when M M M is invertible, namely
a d − b 2 ≠ 0. ad-b^2\neq 0. a d − b 2 = 0.
B) This holds exactly when the image of M M M is { 0 } \{0\} { 0 } , namely
C) Since λ 1 \lambda_1 λ 1 is an eigenvalue, M − λ 1 I M-\lambda_1I M − λ 1 I is singular; it has a nonzero image exactly when it is not the zero matrix. Therefore the condition is
a ≠ d or b ≠ 0. a\neq d\quad\text{or}\quad b\neq 0. a = d or b = 0.
Knowledge
特征值和特征向量 矩阵分解
解题技巧和信息
特征值问题中,特征多项式是重要的工具,通过求解特征多项式可以得到特征值。
当矩阵的特征值不同时,其特征向量是线性无关的,这使得特征向量矩阵是可逆的。
在处理复杂矩阵时,注意到特征向量的规范性及其在不同基底下的表示。
重点词汇
eigenvalue 特征值
eigenvector 特征向量
invertible 可逆的
characteristic polynomial 特征多项式
quadratic equation 二次方程
参考资料
《线性代数及其应用》 第 5 章 特征值和特征向量
Reference