Let and () be natural numbers and be the set of real numbers. Denote by the transposition operator of a vector and a matrix. Define the inner product of two column vectors as . Let be a -dimensional column vector, an matrix where is invertible, and an -dimensional column vector. Consider solving the following optimization problem by using the Lagrange multipliers method:
where . The Lagrange function is given by
where is the Lagrange multipliers.
Let be positive real values. The sets of column vectors and form an orthonormal basis of and , respectively; that is, they are all unit vectors and orthogonal to each other. Suppose that the singular value decomposition of is
where is an matrix, is an matrix, and is a matrix given by
Moreover, define
Answer the following questions. Describe not only an answer but also the derivation process.
(1) Express using only .
(2) Express using only and ().
(3) Suppose we wish to express the stationary points of in the form of and . Express the matrices and using only .