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東京大学 情報理工学系研究科 コンピュータ科学専攻 2019年8月実施 専門科目II 問題1

Author

祭音Myyura (co-authored with GPT 5.6 SOL)

Description

Let AA be a propositional variable, and LiL_i be a literal (i.e., a propositional variable or negation of a propositional variable). In this problem, a propositional formula of the following form is called a clause.

L1LnAL_1\land\cdots\land L_n\supset A

If n=1n=1, it is of the form L1AL_1\supset A, and if n=0n=0, it is of the form AA. Hereinafter, Π\Pi is a set of clauses, and MM is a set of propositional variables. If all clauses in Π\Pi are true under the interpretation in which all propositional variables in MM are true and the other variables are false, then MM is called a model of Π\Pi. The inclusion relation between sets is naturally defined between models.

Answer the following questions.

(1) Let Π0={P,PQ,Q¬RS,P¬S¬TT}\Pi_0=\{P,P\supset Q,Q\land\neg R\supset S,P\land\neg S\land\neg T\supset T\}. Enumerate all the subsets of {P,Q,R,S,T}\{P,Q,R,S,T\} that are models of Π0\Pi_0.

We write ΠM\Pi_M for the set of clauses obtained from Π\Pi by (i) removing all the clauses that contain negation of a propositional variable in MM in the left hand side of \supset, and then (ii) deleting all the negated literals (negation of propositional variables) from the remaining clauses.

(2) For Π0\Pi_0 in question (1), if M0={P,Q,S}M_0=\{P,Q,S\}, what is (Π0)M0(\Pi_0)_{M_0}?

(3) Show that if a model MM' of ΠM\Pi_M satisfies MMM\subseteq M', then MM' is a model of Π\Pi.

(4) Show that if a model MM' of Π\Pi satisfies MMM'\subseteq M, then MM' is a model of ΠM\Pi_M.

(5) For Π0\Pi_0 and M0M_0 in question (2), obtain the minimum model of (Π0)M0(\Pi_0)_{M_0}. Here, a model MM' of ΠM\Pi_M is called a minimum model of ΠM\Pi_M if MMM'\subseteq M'' holds for every model MM'' of ΠM\Pi_M.

(6) Show that if the minimum model of ΠM\Pi_M coincides with MM, then MM is a minimal model of Π\Pi. Here, a model MM' of Π\Pi is called a minimal model of Π\Pi if there does not exist any model MM'' of Π\Pi such that MMM''\subsetneq M'.

(7) Is a minimal model MM of Π\Pi always a minimum model of ΠM\Pi_M? If so, prove the fact. Otherwise, give a counterexample.

题目描述

AA 为命题变量,LiL_i 为文字(命题变量或其否定)。本题称

L1LnAL_1\land\cdots\land L_n\supset A

为子句;n=0n=0 时即为 AA。设 Π\Pi 为子句集,MM 为命题变量集,将 MM 中的变量赋真,其余赋假。若所有子句均成立,则称 MMΠ\Pi 的模型,模型之间使用通常的集合包含关系。

(1)令

Π0={P, PQ, Q¬RS, P¬S¬TT}.\Pi_0=\{P,\ P\supset Q,\ Q\land\neg R\supset S,\ P\land\neg S\land\neg T\supset T\}.

枚举 {P,Q,R,S,T}\{P,Q,R,S,T\} 的所有满足 Π0\Pi_0 的子集。

定义 ΠM\Pi_M:先删除 Π\Pi 中前件含有 ¬B\neg BBMB\in M 的全部子句,再从剩余子句中删去全部否定文字。

(2)对 M0={P,Q,S}M_0=\{P,Q,S\},求 (Π0)M0(\Pi_0)_{M_0}

(3)证明:若 MM'ΠM\Pi_M 的模型且 MMM\subseteq M',则 MM'Π\Pi 的模型。

(4)证明:若 MM'Π\Pi 的模型且 MMM'\subseteq M,则 MM'ΠM\Pi_M 的模型。

(5)求第(2)问所得子句集的最小模型。最小模型是包含于该子句集每个模型的模型。

(6)证明:若 ΠM\Pi_M 的最小模型恰为 MM,则 MMΠ\Pi 的极小模型,即不存在 Π\Pi 的模型 MMM''\subsetneq M

(7)Π\Pi 的极小模型 MM 是否必是 ΠM\Pi_M 的最小模型?若是则证明,否则举反例。

Kai

(1)

P,QP,Q 必为真。若 RR 假,则 SS 必真;若 SS 假,则 TT 必真。因此所有模型为

{P,Q,S}, {P,Q,S,T}, {P,Q,R,T}, {P,Q,R,S}, {P,Q,R,S,T}.\boxed{\{P,Q,S\},\ \{P,Q,S,T\},\ \{P,Q,R,T\},\ \{P,Q,R,S\},\ \{P,Q,R,S,T\}.}

(2)

最后一条子句含 ¬S\neg S,被删除;第三条中的 ¬R\neg R 被去掉。因此

(Π0)M0={P, PQ, QS}.\boxed{(\Pi_0)_{M_0}=\{P,\ P\supset Q,\ Q\supset S\}.}

(3)

考察 Π\Pi 的任一子句。若它被删除,则其前件含 ¬B\neg B,其中 BMMB\in M\subseteq M';故前件在 MM' 下为假,子句成立。

若它被保留,当原前件在 MM' 下为真时,其中全部正文字也为真。由于 MM' 满足删去否定文字后的子句,结论必真。因此原子句成立。

(4)

任取 ΠM\Pi_M 中的子句。原子句中的每个否定文字 ¬B\neg B 都有 BMB\notin M,故 BMB\notin M'。若保留下来的正前件在 MM' 中为真,则原前件也为真,由 MM' 满足 Π\Pi 可得结论为真。故 MM' 满足 ΠM\Pi_M

(5)

由事实 PP 依次推出 Q,SQ,S,且 {P,Q,S}\{P,Q,S\} 满足全部子句,故最小模型为

{P,Q,S}.\boxed{\{P,Q,S\}.}

(6)

由(3)取 M=MM'=M 可知 MMΠ\Pi 的模型。若存在 Π\Pi 的模型 MMM''\subsetneq M,则由(4),MM'' 也是 ΠM\Pi_M 的模型。但 MM 是后者的最小模型,应有 MMM\subseteq M'',矛盾。故 MM 极小。

(7)

不一定。取

Π={¬PP},M={P}.\Pi=\{\neg P\supset P\},\qquad M=\{P\}.

PP 为假时子句不成立,所以 MM 是唯一的模型,当然极小。然而 ΠM=\Pi_M=\varnothing,其最小模型为 M\varnothing\ne M