跳到主要内容

広島大学 先進理工系科学研究科 情報科学プログラム 2017年8月実施 専門科目I 問題2

Author​

samparker, 祭音Myyura

Description​

(1) α>0\alpha > 0 とする時、関数 f(x)=xαe−xf(x) = x^{\alpha} e^{-x} の [0,∞)[0, \infty) における最大値を求めよ。

(2) 以下の広義積分が x>0x > 0 において収束することを示せ。

Γ(x)=∫0∞tx−1e−tdt\Gamma(x) = \int_0^{\infty} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt

(3) 極限 lim⁡x→+0xΓ(x)\lim_{x \to +0} x \Gamma(x) を求めよ。


(1) For α>0\alpha > 0, find the maximum of the function f(x)=xαe−xf(x) = x^{\alpha} e^{-x} on [0,∞)[0, \infty).

(2) Show the following improper integral converges on x>0x > 0:

Γ(x)=∫0∞tx−1e−tdt\Gamma(x) = \int_0^{\infty} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt

(3) Find the limit:

lim⁡x→+0xΓ(x)\lim_{x \to +0} x \Gamma(x)

题目描述​

  1. 设 α>0\alpha>0,求函数 f(x)=xαe−xf(x)=x^\alpha e^{-x} 在区间 [0,∞)[0,\infty) 上的最大值。

  2. 证明当 x>0x>0 时,广义积分

    Γ(x)=∫0∞tx−1e−t dt\Gamma(x)=\int_0^\infty t^{x-1}e^{-t}\,dt

    收敛。

  3. 求右极限

    lim⁡x→+0xΓ(x).\lim_{x\to+0}x\Gamma(x).

Kai​

(1)​

f′(x)=0⇒αxα−1e−x−xαe−x=0⇒e−x(αxα−1−xα)=0⇒x=α\begin{aligned} &f'(x) = 0 \\ &\Rightarrow \alpha x^{\alpha - 1} e^{-x} - x^{\alpha} e^{-x} = 0 \\ &\Rightarrow e^{-x} (\alpha x^{\alpha - 1} - x^{\alpha}) = 0 \\ &\Rightarrow x = \alpha \end{aligned}

Note that f′(x)>0f'(x) > 0 when x<αx < \alpha and f′(x)<0f'(x) < 0 when x>αx > \alpha. Therefore, the maximum of f(x)f(x) is f(α)=ααe−αf(\alpha) = \alpha^{\alpha} e^{-\alpha}.

(2)​

Let’s divide the integral in a sum of two terms,

Γ(x)=∫01tx−1e−tdt+∫1∞tx−1e−tdt\Gamma(x) = \int_0^{1} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt + \int_1^{\infty} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt

For the first term, since the function e−te^{-t} is decreasing, it's maximum on the interval [0,1][0, 1] is attained at t=0t = 0, hence

∫01tx−1e−tdt<∫01tx−1dt.\int_0^{1} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt < \int_0^1 t^{x-1} dt.

But for x>0x > 0, this last integral converges to 1/x1/x.

For the second term, since the exponential grows faster than any polynomial, for every xx we can take N∈NN \in \mathbb{N} so big that t≥N⇒et/2>tx−1t \geq N \Rightarrow e^{t/2} > t^{x-1} so

∫1∞tx−1e−tdt=∫1Ntx−1e−tdt+∫N∞tx−1e−tdt<∫1Ntx−1e−tdt+∫N∞et/2e−tdt=∫1Ntx−1e−tdt+∫N∞e−t/2dt<∞\begin{aligned} \int_1^{\infty} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt &= \int_1^{N} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt + \int_N^{\infty} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt \\ &< \int_1^{N} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt + \int_N^{\infty} e^{t/2} e^{-t} dt \\ &= \int_1^{N} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt + \int_N^{\infty} e^{-t/2} dt \\ &< \infty \end{aligned}

which completes the proof.

(3)​

Γ(x+1)=∫0∞txe−tdt=[−e−ttx]0∞+x∫0∞tx−1e−tdt=x∫0∞tx−1e−tdt=xΓ(x)\begin{aligned} \Gamma(x+1) &= \int_0^{\infty} t^{x} e^{-t} dt \\ &= \left[- e^{-t} t^x \right]_0^{\infty} + x \int_{0}^{\infty} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt \\ &= x \int_{0}^{\infty} t^{x-1} e^{-t} dt \\ &= x \Gamma(x) \end{aligned}
lim⁡x→+0xΓ(x)=lim⁡x→+0Γ(x+1)=Γ(1)=1\lim_{x \to +0} x \Gamma(x) = \lim_{x \to +0} \Gamma(x+1) = \Gamma(1) = 1

Indeed, for 0<x≤10<x\leq 1, txe−t≤(1+t)e−tt^xe^{-t}\leq (1+t)e^{-t}. Hence the last limit follows from the dominated convergence theorem.